ABSTRACT
Histopathology is a well-established standard diagnosis employed for the majority of malignancies, including breast cancer. Nevertheless, despite training and standardization, it is considered operator-dependent and errors are still a concern. Fractal dimension analysis is a computational image processing technique that allows assessing the degree of complexity in patterns. We aimed here at providing a robust and easily attainable method for introducing computer-assisted techniques to histopathology laboratories. Slides from two databases were used: A) Breast Cancer Histopathological; and B) Grand Challenge on Breast Cancer Histology. Set A contained 2480 images from 24 patients with benign alterations, and 5429 images from 58 patients with breast cancer. Set B comprised 100 images of each type: normal tissue, benign alterations, in situ carcinoma, and invasive carcinoma. All images were analyzed with the FracLac algorithm in the ImageJ computational environment to yield the box count fractal dimension (Db) results. Images on set A on 40x magnification were statistically different (p = 0.0003), whereas images on 400x did not present differences in their means. On set B, the mean Db values presented promissing statistical differences when comparing. Normal and/or benign images to in situ and/or invasive carcinoma (all p < 0.0001). Interestingly, there was no difference when comparing normal tissue to benign alterations. These data corroborate with previous work in which fractal analysis allowed differentiating malignancies. Computer-aided diagnosis algorithms may beneficiate from using Db data; specific Db cut-off values may yield ~ 99% specificity in diagnosing breast cancer. Furthermore, the fact that it allows assessing tissue complexity, this tool may be used to understand the progression of the histological alterations in cancer.
ABSTRACT
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver disease of unknown etiology. It is composed of immune-mediated liver injury and significant immunological aspects. Arthritis can be observed in patients with AIH before recognition of the disease, which can lead to a diagnostic challenge. Although there are few reported cases in literature, peripheral blood eosinophilia might also play a part in such diagnosis. We report an intriguing case of a 41-year-old man who presented to our service with arthritis and eosinophilia as initial manifestations and was eventually diagnosed with overlap syndrome: AIH and primary sclerosing cholangitis. The present report aims to include eosinophilia among the clinical features of AIH, highlighting the possibility of its detection before the onset of either articular or hepatic disturbances.
